Tampilkan postingan dengan label ADOLF HITLER 1889-1945. Tampilkan semua postingan
Tampilkan postingan dengan label ADOLF HITLER 1889-1945. Tampilkan semua postingan
Sabtu, 09 Oktober 2010
"THE NEW ORDER" HITLER"
" The year 1941 will be, I am convinced, the historical year of a great European New Order. ”
—Adolf Hitler-
The term Neuordnung originally had a different and more limited meaning than in its present usage. It is typically translated as New Order, but a more correct translation would actually be more akin to re-structurization. When it was used in Germany during the Third Reich-era it namely referred specifically to the Nazis’ desire to essentially redraw the contemporary state borders within Europe, thereby changing the then-existing geopolitical structures which were in place at the time. In the same sense it is also still used to denote similar periods of geographic re-orderings of the international political order such as the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, the Vienna Congress in 1815, and the Allied victory in 1945. The complete phrase which was used by the Nazi establishment was actually die Neuordnung Europas (the New Order of Europe), for which Neuordnung was merely a shorthand.
According to the Nazi government this goal was pursued by Germany to secure a fair rearrangement of territory for the common benefit of a new, economically integrated Europe[5], which in Nazi terminology meant the continent of Europe with the exclusion of the "Asiatic" Soviet Union. Nazi racist views regarded the "Judeo-Bolshevist" Soviet state both as a criminal institution which needed to be destroyed as well as a barbarian place as yet lacking any actual culture that would give it a “European” character. Neuordnung was therefore hardly ever used in reference to Soviet Russia since theoretically there weren’t even any actual structures that could be re-organized along German designs.
The actual objective was however to ensure a state of total post-war continental hegemony for Nazi Germany.[3] This was to be achieved by the expansion of the territorial base of the German state itself, combined with the political and economic subjugation of the rest of Europe to Germany. Eventual extensions of the project to areas beyond Europe as well as on an ultimately global scale were anticipated for the future period in which Germany would have secured unchallenged control over her own continent first, but Neuordnung did not carry this extra-European meaning at the time.
Through its wide use in Nazi propaganda it quickly gained coinage in Western media. In English-language academic circles especially it eventually carried a much more inclusive definition, and became increasingly known as a term used to refer to all the foreign and domestic politics and war aims of the Nazi German state as well as its dictatorial leader Adolf Hitler. It therefore holds approximately the same connotations as the term co-prosperity sphere did in Japanese circles in reference to their planned imperial domain. Nowadays it is most commonly used to refer to all the post-war planning and policies both in and outside of Europe that the Nazi government expected to implement after an anticipated victory for Germany and the other Axis powers in World War II.
Ideological Background
Racialist doctrine
Wiki letter w.svg This section requires expansion.
Geopolitical influence
Hitler’s ideas about eastward expansion that he promulgated in Mein Kampf were greatly influenced by his contact during his 1924 imprisonment with his geopolitical mentor Karl Haushofer. [6] One of Haushofer’s primary geopolitical concepts was that Germany get control of the Eurasian heartland so Germany could attain eventual world domination. [7] Haushofer himself saw this in the forging of an alliance with Russia and Japan to counter the political power of the naval powers of Europe and the United States. Hitler rejected this idea out of hand, believing that Russia could not be trusted on to serve German interests, particularly in view of its communist manifesto, and that control over the core area of Russia should therefore directly be attained by force.
Implementation
Initial phase of the establishment of the New Order
In a subsequently published speech given at Erlangen University in November 1930 Hitler explained to his listeners that no other people had more of a right to fight for and attain control of the globe (Weltherrschaft) than did the Germans. He realized fully that this ambitious goal could never be achieved without an enormous amount of fighting. A series of wars was therefore anticipated that would ultimately result in total German hegemony. It is in the context of this Stufenplan or step-by-step plan that Hitler conducted his foreign policy from the moment he came to power. Each of these steps would serve as a springboard for the following one, starting with the incorporation of Austria into the German sphere of influence. The war that it started with the Invasion of Poland in September 1939 was therefore merely seen as the next in a series. It would pave the way for a war against the Soviet Union, thereafter one against the United States, and so forth. [8]
The initial phase of the establishment of the New Order was:
* First, the signing of the German-Soviet Pact on 23 August 1939 to lull the Soviet Union into a false sense of security.
* Second, the Blitzkrieg German invasion and conquest of France, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Norway to neutralize opposition from the west. This occurred in the spring of 1940.
* Third, the neutralization or the conquest of the United Kingdom. Initially, Hitler wanted to make a deal with Great Britain in which the British Empire would be given a free hand over the oceans of the world and Germany would be given a free hand in Europe. However, when Britain refused this deal, Hitler planned the conquest of Great Britain in Operation Sea Lion, which was to be implemented after the anticipated German victory in the Battle of Britain. After the German conquest of Britain, the allegedly pro-German Duke of Windsor would have been restored as King Edward VIII as Hitler’s puppet king. Plans were made for sending out an Einsatzgruppe Gross-Brittanien under the command of SS-General Franz Alfred Six, the mobile killing squads formed and assigned to deal specifically with Britain. Most English men would have been exported as slave labor to the East. About 2,000,000 young Nordic English women would have been forced into stud farms as part of the lebensborn program to be impregnated by SS men to help populate the East with the master race. [9]
The first two phases of the initial plan for the establishment of the New Order were successful, but Hitler was unable to implement the third phase since the United Kingdom won the Battle of Britain.
Conquest of Eastern Europe
Offensive plan for Operation Barbarossa.
Implementation of the long range plan for the New Order, outlined for the Nazi elite in the Generalplan Ost ("General Plan for the East"), was begun on 22 June 1941 with Operation Barbarossa--the invasion of Russia. By 1942 the military regimes called the General Gouvernment in Poland, the Reichskommissariat Ostland in the Baltic states and White Russia, and the Reichskommissariat Ukraine in Ukraine had been established.
Nazi party philosopher Alfred Rosenberg (who, incidentally, protested against the inhumane policy shown toward the Slavs[10]) was the Minister for the Eastern Territories nominally in charge of the project, and Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, was assigned to implement the enslavement and extermination of the non-Aryan population. The long range plan, as detailed by Hitler in Mein Kampf, was annexation of large eastern territories for German settlement, eventually expanding the territory of Greater Germany to where its eastern border would be the Ural Mountains. This would facilitate Germany's obtaining lebensraum [9].
It was planned to set up a Reichskommissariat Moskau that would include the Moscow metropolitan area and vast tracts of adjacent European Russia, and a Reichskommissariat Kaukasus in the Caucasus area. This policy was accompanied by the extermination of their Jewish population (see final solution) as well as the enslavement of their Slavic population, who it was planned would be made slave laborers on the estates to be granted to SS men after the conquest of European Russia. Each SS man "gentleman farmer" was expected to father at least seven children.[11]
German women were encouraged to have as many children as possible to populate the anticipated Eastern territories to be annexed. To encourage this fertility policy, the lebensborn program was expanded and the state decoration known as the Gold Honor Cross of the German Mother was instituted, which was awarded to German women who bore eight or more children for the Third Reich. Himmler envisaged a German population of 300,000,000 by 2000.
The Yenisei River basin in Siberia. The Yenisei River was the agreed division point of Eurasia between Japan and Nazi Germany.[12]
The New Order in Europe
In 1942, Croatia, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Serbia (including the German-dominated autonomous area of Banat) were already satellites of Nazi Germany. Montenegro and Greece were satellites of Italy while Albania had been annexed by Italy). After Germany had conquered Russia, the plan was to then make Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, much of the other Caucasus peoples, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, as well as some other non-Slavic peoples of the USSR such as the Tatars and Cossacks, also become satellites of Germany.
Secret diplomatic conference to divide Asia
In 1942, a secret diplomatic conference was held between Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire in which they agreed to divide Asia along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China, and then along the border of China and the Soviet Union, the northern and western borders of Afghanistan, and the border between Iran and India (what is now Pakistan was then part of India).[13]
It was agreed that after Nazi German troops had reached the Ural Mountains, Japan would invade the Soviet Union from the east to finish it off and the German and Japanese troops would meet at the Yenisei River. Nazi Germany planned to establish a Reichskommissariat West Sibirien between the Ural Mountains and the Yenisei River for housing in concentration camps as slave labor for industrial enterprises those Slavs who were not being worked as slaves on the estates of the German farmers west of the Urals.[14]
Other parts of the world
Plans for an African Colonial Empire
Approximate location of Mittelafrika in light blue and dark blue, with pre-existing German colonies in dark blue. Possible inclusions (Portuguese colonies) are shaded light blue.
Hitler's geopolitical thoughts about Africa always occupied a secondary position to his expansionist aims in Europe itself: "A colonial policy only makes sense if you first control the continent". His public announcements prior to outbreak of the war that Germany's former colonies be returned to it served primarily as bargaining chips to further territorial goals in Europe itself. This area was nevertheless intended to also fall under German control in some way or another after it had first achieved supremacy over its own continent.[15]
Hitler's overall intentions for the future organization of Africa divided it in three basic portions. The northern third was to be assigned to its Italian ally, while the central part would fall under German rule. The remaining southern sector would be controlled by a pro-Nazi Afrikaner state built on racial grounds.[16] On the division of French African colonies between the Spanish and Italian governments Hitler refused to provide any official promises during the war however, fearful of losing the support of Vichy France.
In 1940, the general staff of the German Navy produced a much more detailed plan accompanied by a map showing a proposed German colonial empire in sub-Saharan Africa extending from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean.[17] The proposed domain was supposed to fulfill the long-sought territorial German goal of Mittelafrika, and even further beyond. It was to provide a base from which Germany was to achieve a pre-eminent position on the African continent just as the conquest of Eastern Europe was to achieve a similar status over the continent of Europe.
In contrast to territories that were to be acquired in Europe itself (specifically European Russia), these areas were however not envisaged as targets for extensive German population settlement. The establishment of a vast colonial empire was to serve primarily economic purposes, for it would provide Germany with most natural resources that it would not be able to find in its continental possessions, as well as an additional nearly unlimited supply of labor. Racialist policies would nevertheless be strictly enforced on all inhabitants (meaning segregration of whites and blacks and punishing of interracial relationships) to maintain "Aryan" purity.
The area included all pre-WWI German colonial territories in Africa, as well as additional parts of the French, Belgian and British colonial holdings in Africa. These were the Belgian Congo, Northern and Southern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Kenya, Uganda, Gabon, the French Congo, Ubangui-Chari, Nigeria, Dahomey, the Gold Coast, and nearly all of Niger and Chad.
A second part of the plan entailed the construction of a huge string of fortified naval and air bases for future operations against the Western hemisphere spanning much of the Atlantic coastline of Europe and Africa from Trondheim in Norway all the way up to the Belgian Congo, as well as many off-lying islands such as the Cape Verde and Azores islands. A less extensive but similar initiative was intended for the east coast of Africa.
Hitler's plans for India and Operation Maximillian
Main article: Indische Legion
Bose inspecting Indische Legion troops alongside Oberstleutnant Kurt Krappe
Banner of the Indische Legion.
Nazi Germany did cultivate a close interest in the affairs of India, the crown jewel of the British empire. Hitler and the Japanese supported an indigenous military militia led by Subhas Chandra Bose to keep the British pinned down.
Hitler allegedly wanted to 'complete the unfinished task of Alexander the Great' in India and was keen to discover the Aryan roots of the Indian civilization. He believed that a 'super-aryan' being existed in the Himalayas. Hitler also sent an expedition team consisting of Nazi racial theorists and scientists along with a strong SS contingent to study the racial links with Indian Aryans.
An invasion was planned in the general direction towards India after the invasion of Soviet Union was complete. Erich von Manstein had encouraged Wilhelm Keitel to consider such a plan. The expected resistance from the British Indian Army was considered to be vastly inferior. The possible dividends would be huge, not only in terms of a great conquest, but also the total demoralization of Britain. The OKW with its usual rigor started working on a plan by mid 1940. The minute details and plans for the invasion of India were in place by April, 1941. The operation was codenamed 'Maximillian'.
Operation Maximillian
Operation Maximillian would take off after the Soviet Union was secured up to the Urals and the Afrika Korps reaching up to Iraq. After stabilization, a massive invasion force was to be assembled in the deserts of Iraq. Three army groups were to be pressed into action. The Nazi war machine would then thrust through into India via Afghanistan. The first group would follow a northern route hugging the Himalayas and reach its final destination in Calcutta; the second group would do a pincer movement into central India and return to Delhi; and the third group would sweep down into the southern Indian heartland and capture the port city of Madras.
A strategic reserve consisting of the Reich's most elite SS Panzer units was to be located near Lahore. Operation Maximilian was to be halted near Burma, the Reich's proposed border with Imperial Japan before the secret agreement of 1942, which assigned India to Japan's sphere of influence. In this 1940 military plan, all operations were to have been concluded before 1945.
Racial Plans for India
Most of the Indo-Aryan race was considered to be contaminated by mixing with other lower races. Himmler had identified purest of the Aryan castes in India to be Germanized; the rest would either be exterminated or subjugated for slave labor.
Plan for German domination of South America
Germany planned to dominate South America east of the Andes Mountains.[18] Hitler planned to open up Argentina (a country already having a large population of German origin) to extensive German settlement.[19]
Hitler's plan for the eventual conquest of North America
In the unpublished transcript Zweites Buch, written in 1928, Hitler envisioned an apocalyptic air war of conquest against the United States by his successor in 1980, conducted by a great fleet of German long range bombers.
Approximately nine months before the United States entered WWII, American president Franklin D. Roosevelt made a reference to the New Order in a speech he gave on March 15, 1941[20]:
... Nazi forces are not seeking mere modifications in colonial maps or in minor European boundaries. They openly seek the destruction of all elective systems of government on every continent, including our own. They seek to establish systems of government based on the regimentation of all human beings by a handful of individual rulers who seize power by force.
Yes, these men and their hypnotized followers call this a "New Order." It is not new, and it is not order. For order among nations presupposes something enduring, some system of justice under which individuals over a long period of time are willing to live. Humanity will never permanently accept a system imposed by conquest, and based on slavery. These modern tyrants find it necessary to their plans to eliminate all democracies — eliminate them one by one. The nations of Europe, and indeed we, ourselves, did not appreciate that purpose. We do now.
Hitler's plans for retirement
At the time of the initial invasion of the Soviet Union with Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941, Hitler had expected to win victory in World War II by 1945, and he then planned, after completing the construction of the Welthauptstadt Germania plan of Albert Speer for Berlin, to hold a great World's Fair in Berlin in 1950 and then retire to his hometown of Linz.[21]
Abandonment of the project for the New Order
After the decisive German defeat at the Battle of Stalingrad on 2 February 1943, Germany was forced onto the defensive and was no longer able to actively pursue implementation of the New Order in the Soviet Union, although the genocide against Jews, Gypsies, and other minorities continued. The New Order project was officially renounced at the end of 1944 because Himmler hoped to get the Western Allies to agree to a separate peace apart from the Soviet Union, and to do so, he wanted to appear more humane. In March 1945, Himmler even agreed to meet with a representative of the World Jewish Congress, saying "Let's bury the hatchet"
—Adolf Hitler-
The term Neuordnung originally had a different and more limited meaning than in its present usage. It is typically translated as New Order, but a more correct translation would actually be more akin to re-structurization. When it was used in Germany during the Third Reich-era it namely referred specifically to the Nazis’ desire to essentially redraw the contemporary state borders within Europe, thereby changing the then-existing geopolitical structures which were in place at the time. In the same sense it is also still used to denote similar periods of geographic re-orderings of the international political order such as the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, the Vienna Congress in 1815, and the Allied victory in 1945. The complete phrase which was used by the Nazi establishment was actually die Neuordnung Europas (the New Order of Europe), for which Neuordnung was merely a shorthand.
According to the Nazi government this goal was pursued by Germany to secure a fair rearrangement of territory for the common benefit of a new, economically integrated Europe[5], which in Nazi terminology meant the continent of Europe with the exclusion of the "Asiatic" Soviet Union. Nazi racist views regarded the "Judeo-Bolshevist" Soviet state both as a criminal institution which needed to be destroyed as well as a barbarian place as yet lacking any actual culture that would give it a “European” character. Neuordnung was therefore hardly ever used in reference to Soviet Russia since theoretically there weren’t even any actual structures that could be re-organized along German designs.
The actual objective was however to ensure a state of total post-war continental hegemony for Nazi Germany.[3] This was to be achieved by the expansion of the territorial base of the German state itself, combined with the political and economic subjugation of the rest of Europe to Germany. Eventual extensions of the project to areas beyond Europe as well as on an ultimately global scale were anticipated for the future period in which Germany would have secured unchallenged control over her own continent first, but Neuordnung did not carry this extra-European meaning at the time.
Through its wide use in Nazi propaganda it quickly gained coinage in Western media. In English-language academic circles especially it eventually carried a much more inclusive definition, and became increasingly known as a term used to refer to all the foreign and domestic politics and war aims of the Nazi German state as well as its dictatorial leader Adolf Hitler. It therefore holds approximately the same connotations as the term co-prosperity sphere did in Japanese circles in reference to their planned imperial domain. Nowadays it is most commonly used to refer to all the post-war planning and policies both in and outside of Europe that the Nazi government expected to implement after an anticipated victory for Germany and the other Axis powers in World War II.
Ideological Background
Racialist doctrine
Wiki letter w.svg This section requires expansion.
Geopolitical influence
Hitler’s ideas about eastward expansion that he promulgated in Mein Kampf were greatly influenced by his contact during his 1924 imprisonment with his geopolitical mentor Karl Haushofer. [6] One of Haushofer’s primary geopolitical concepts was that Germany get control of the Eurasian heartland so Germany could attain eventual world domination. [7] Haushofer himself saw this in the forging of an alliance with Russia and Japan to counter the political power of the naval powers of Europe and the United States. Hitler rejected this idea out of hand, believing that Russia could not be trusted on to serve German interests, particularly in view of its communist manifesto, and that control over the core area of Russia should therefore directly be attained by force.
Implementation
Initial phase of the establishment of the New Order
In a subsequently published speech given at Erlangen University in November 1930 Hitler explained to his listeners that no other people had more of a right to fight for and attain control of the globe (Weltherrschaft) than did the Germans. He realized fully that this ambitious goal could never be achieved without an enormous amount of fighting. A series of wars was therefore anticipated that would ultimately result in total German hegemony. It is in the context of this Stufenplan or step-by-step plan that Hitler conducted his foreign policy from the moment he came to power. Each of these steps would serve as a springboard for the following one, starting with the incorporation of Austria into the German sphere of influence. The war that it started with the Invasion of Poland in September 1939 was therefore merely seen as the next in a series. It would pave the way for a war against the Soviet Union, thereafter one against the United States, and so forth. [8]
The initial phase of the establishment of the New Order was:
* First, the signing of the German-Soviet Pact on 23 August 1939 to lull the Soviet Union into a false sense of security.
* Second, the Blitzkrieg German invasion and conquest of France, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Norway to neutralize opposition from the west. This occurred in the spring of 1940.
* Third, the neutralization or the conquest of the United Kingdom. Initially, Hitler wanted to make a deal with Great Britain in which the British Empire would be given a free hand over the oceans of the world and Germany would be given a free hand in Europe. However, when Britain refused this deal, Hitler planned the conquest of Great Britain in Operation Sea Lion, which was to be implemented after the anticipated German victory in the Battle of Britain. After the German conquest of Britain, the allegedly pro-German Duke of Windsor would have been restored as King Edward VIII as Hitler’s puppet king. Plans were made for sending out an Einsatzgruppe Gross-Brittanien under the command of SS-General Franz Alfred Six, the mobile killing squads formed and assigned to deal specifically with Britain. Most English men would have been exported as slave labor to the East. About 2,000,000 young Nordic English women would have been forced into stud farms as part of the lebensborn program to be impregnated by SS men to help populate the East with the master race. [9]
The first two phases of the initial plan for the establishment of the New Order were successful, but Hitler was unable to implement the third phase since the United Kingdom won the Battle of Britain.
Conquest of Eastern Europe
Offensive plan for Operation Barbarossa.
Implementation of the long range plan for the New Order, outlined for the Nazi elite in the Generalplan Ost ("General Plan for the East"), was begun on 22 June 1941 with Operation Barbarossa--the invasion of Russia. By 1942 the military regimes called the General Gouvernment in Poland, the Reichskommissariat Ostland in the Baltic states and White Russia, and the Reichskommissariat Ukraine in Ukraine had been established.
Nazi party philosopher Alfred Rosenberg (who, incidentally, protested against the inhumane policy shown toward the Slavs[10]) was the Minister for the Eastern Territories nominally in charge of the project, and Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, was assigned to implement the enslavement and extermination of the non-Aryan population. The long range plan, as detailed by Hitler in Mein Kampf, was annexation of large eastern territories for German settlement, eventually expanding the territory of Greater Germany to where its eastern border would be the Ural Mountains. This would facilitate Germany's obtaining lebensraum [9].
It was planned to set up a Reichskommissariat Moskau that would include the Moscow metropolitan area and vast tracts of adjacent European Russia, and a Reichskommissariat Kaukasus in the Caucasus area. This policy was accompanied by the extermination of their Jewish population (see final solution) as well as the enslavement of their Slavic population, who it was planned would be made slave laborers on the estates to be granted to SS men after the conquest of European Russia. Each SS man "gentleman farmer" was expected to father at least seven children.[11]
German women were encouraged to have as many children as possible to populate the anticipated Eastern territories to be annexed. To encourage this fertility policy, the lebensborn program was expanded and the state decoration known as the Gold Honor Cross of the German Mother was instituted, which was awarded to German women who bore eight or more children for the Third Reich. Himmler envisaged a German population of 300,000,000 by 2000.
The Yenisei River basin in Siberia. The Yenisei River was the agreed division point of Eurasia between Japan and Nazi Germany.[12]
The New Order in Europe
In 1942, Croatia, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Serbia (including the German-dominated autonomous area of Banat) were already satellites of Nazi Germany. Montenegro and Greece were satellites of Italy while Albania had been annexed by Italy). After Germany had conquered Russia, the plan was to then make Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, much of the other Caucasus peoples, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, as well as some other non-Slavic peoples of the USSR such as the Tatars and Cossacks, also become satellites of Germany.
Secret diplomatic conference to divide Asia
In 1942, a secret diplomatic conference was held between Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire in which they agreed to divide Asia along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China, and then along the border of China and the Soviet Union, the northern and western borders of Afghanistan, and the border between Iran and India (what is now Pakistan was then part of India).[13]
It was agreed that after Nazi German troops had reached the Ural Mountains, Japan would invade the Soviet Union from the east to finish it off and the German and Japanese troops would meet at the Yenisei River. Nazi Germany planned to establish a Reichskommissariat West Sibirien between the Ural Mountains and the Yenisei River for housing in concentration camps as slave labor for industrial enterprises those Slavs who were not being worked as slaves on the estates of the German farmers west of the Urals.[14]
Other parts of the world
Plans for an African Colonial Empire
Approximate location of Mittelafrika in light blue and dark blue, with pre-existing German colonies in dark blue. Possible inclusions (Portuguese colonies) are shaded light blue.
Hitler's geopolitical thoughts about Africa always occupied a secondary position to his expansionist aims in Europe itself: "A colonial policy only makes sense if you first control the continent". His public announcements prior to outbreak of the war that Germany's former colonies be returned to it served primarily as bargaining chips to further territorial goals in Europe itself. This area was nevertheless intended to also fall under German control in some way or another after it had first achieved supremacy over its own continent.[15]
Hitler's overall intentions for the future organization of Africa divided it in three basic portions. The northern third was to be assigned to its Italian ally, while the central part would fall under German rule. The remaining southern sector would be controlled by a pro-Nazi Afrikaner state built on racial grounds.[16] On the division of French African colonies between the Spanish and Italian governments Hitler refused to provide any official promises during the war however, fearful of losing the support of Vichy France.
In 1940, the general staff of the German Navy produced a much more detailed plan accompanied by a map showing a proposed German colonial empire in sub-Saharan Africa extending from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean.[17] The proposed domain was supposed to fulfill the long-sought territorial German goal of Mittelafrika, and even further beyond. It was to provide a base from which Germany was to achieve a pre-eminent position on the African continent just as the conquest of Eastern Europe was to achieve a similar status over the continent of Europe.
In contrast to territories that were to be acquired in Europe itself (specifically European Russia), these areas were however not envisaged as targets for extensive German population settlement. The establishment of a vast colonial empire was to serve primarily economic purposes, for it would provide Germany with most natural resources that it would not be able to find in its continental possessions, as well as an additional nearly unlimited supply of labor. Racialist policies would nevertheless be strictly enforced on all inhabitants (meaning segregration of whites and blacks and punishing of interracial relationships) to maintain "Aryan" purity.
The area included all pre-WWI German colonial territories in Africa, as well as additional parts of the French, Belgian and British colonial holdings in Africa. These were the Belgian Congo, Northern and Southern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Kenya, Uganda, Gabon, the French Congo, Ubangui-Chari, Nigeria, Dahomey, the Gold Coast, and nearly all of Niger and Chad.
A second part of the plan entailed the construction of a huge string of fortified naval and air bases for future operations against the Western hemisphere spanning much of the Atlantic coastline of Europe and Africa from Trondheim in Norway all the way up to the Belgian Congo, as well as many off-lying islands such as the Cape Verde and Azores islands. A less extensive but similar initiative was intended for the east coast of Africa.
Hitler's plans for India and Operation Maximillian
Main article: Indische Legion
Bose inspecting Indische Legion troops alongside Oberstleutnant Kurt Krappe
Banner of the Indische Legion.
Nazi Germany did cultivate a close interest in the affairs of India, the crown jewel of the British empire. Hitler and the Japanese supported an indigenous military militia led by Subhas Chandra Bose to keep the British pinned down.
Hitler allegedly wanted to 'complete the unfinished task of Alexander the Great' in India and was keen to discover the Aryan roots of the Indian civilization. He believed that a 'super-aryan' being existed in the Himalayas. Hitler also sent an expedition team consisting of Nazi racial theorists and scientists along with a strong SS contingent to study the racial links with Indian Aryans.
An invasion was planned in the general direction towards India after the invasion of Soviet Union was complete. Erich von Manstein had encouraged Wilhelm Keitel to consider such a plan. The expected resistance from the British Indian Army was considered to be vastly inferior. The possible dividends would be huge, not only in terms of a great conquest, but also the total demoralization of Britain. The OKW with its usual rigor started working on a plan by mid 1940. The minute details and plans for the invasion of India were in place by April, 1941. The operation was codenamed 'Maximillian'.
Operation Maximillian
Operation Maximillian would take off after the Soviet Union was secured up to the Urals and the Afrika Korps reaching up to Iraq. After stabilization, a massive invasion force was to be assembled in the deserts of Iraq. Three army groups were to be pressed into action. The Nazi war machine would then thrust through into India via Afghanistan. The first group would follow a northern route hugging the Himalayas and reach its final destination in Calcutta; the second group would do a pincer movement into central India and return to Delhi; and the third group would sweep down into the southern Indian heartland and capture the port city of Madras.
A strategic reserve consisting of the Reich's most elite SS Panzer units was to be located near Lahore. Operation Maximilian was to be halted near Burma, the Reich's proposed border with Imperial Japan before the secret agreement of 1942, which assigned India to Japan's sphere of influence. In this 1940 military plan, all operations were to have been concluded before 1945.
Racial Plans for India
Most of the Indo-Aryan race was considered to be contaminated by mixing with other lower races. Himmler had identified purest of the Aryan castes in India to be Germanized; the rest would either be exterminated or subjugated for slave labor.
Plan for German domination of South America
Germany planned to dominate South America east of the Andes Mountains.[18] Hitler planned to open up Argentina (a country already having a large population of German origin) to extensive German settlement.[19]
Hitler's plan for the eventual conquest of North America
In the unpublished transcript Zweites Buch, written in 1928, Hitler envisioned an apocalyptic air war of conquest against the United States by his successor in 1980, conducted by a great fleet of German long range bombers.
Approximately nine months before the United States entered WWII, American president Franklin D. Roosevelt made a reference to the New Order in a speech he gave on March 15, 1941[20]:
... Nazi forces are not seeking mere modifications in colonial maps or in minor European boundaries. They openly seek the destruction of all elective systems of government on every continent, including our own. They seek to establish systems of government based on the regimentation of all human beings by a handful of individual rulers who seize power by force.
Yes, these men and their hypnotized followers call this a "New Order." It is not new, and it is not order. For order among nations presupposes something enduring, some system of justice under which individuals over a long period of time are willing to live. Humanity will never permanently accept a system imposed by conquest, and based on slavery. These modern tyrants find it necessary to their plans to eliminate all democracies — eliminate them one by one. The nations of Europe, and indeed we, ourselves, did not appreciate that purpose. We do now.
Hitler's plans for retirement
At the time of the initial invasion of the Soviet Union with Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941, Hitler had expected to win victory in World War II by 1945, and he then planned, after completing the construction of the Welthauptstadt Germania plan of Albert Speer for Berlin, to hold a great World's Fair in Berlin in 1950 and then retire to his hometown of Linz.[21]
Abandonment of the project for the New Order
After the decisive German defeat at the Battle of Stalingrad on 2 February 1943, Germany was forced onto the defensive and was no longer able to actively pursue implementation of the New Order in the Soviet Union, although the genocide against Jews, Gypsies, and other minorities continued. The New Order project was officially renounced at the end of 1944 because Himmler hoped to get the Western Allies to agree to a separate peace apart from the Soviet Union, and to do so, he wanted to appear more humane. In March 1945, Himmler even agreed to meet with a representative of the World Jewish Congress, saying "Let's bury the hatchet"
HITLER Say' part II
Every manifestation of human culture, every product of art, science and technical skill, which we see before our eyes to-day, is almost exclusively the product of the Aryan creative power. This very fact fully justifies the conclusion that it was the Aryan alone who founded a superior type of humanity; therefore he represents the architype of what we understand by the term: MAN. He is the Prometheus of mankind, from whose shining brow the divine spark of genius has at all times flashed forth, always kindling anew that fire which, in the form of knowledge, illuminated the dark night by drawing aside the veil of mystery and thus showing man how to rise and become master over all the other beings on the earth. Should he be forced to disappear, a profound darkness will descend on the earth; within a few thousand years human culture will vanish and the world will become a desert. ”
— Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf
In almost all the various fields of German art and culture those morbid phenomena may be observed. Here everything seems to have passed the culminating point of its excellence and to have entered the curve of a hasty decline. At the beginning of the century the theatres seemed already degenerating and ceasing to be cultural factors, except the Court theatres, which opposed this prostitution of the national art. With these exceptions, and also a few other decent institutions, the plays produced on the stage were of such a nature that the people would have benefited by not visiting them at all. A sad symptom of decline was manifested by the fact that in the case of many 'art centres' the sign was posted on the entrance doors: FOR ADULTS ONLY.
— Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf
That such a mentality [racial purity] may be possible cannot be denied in a world where hundreds and thousands accept the principle of celibacy from their own choice, without being obliged or pledged to do so by anything except an ecclesiastical precept. Why should it not be possible to induce people to make this sacrifice if, instead of such a precept, they were simply told that they ought to put an end to this truly original sin of racial corruption which is steadily being passed on from one generation to another. And, further, they ought to be brought to realize that it is their bounden duty to give to the Almighty Creator beings such as He himself made to His own image. ”
— Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf
Prostitution is a disgrace to humanity and cannot be removed simply by charitable or academic methods. Its restriction and final extermination presupposes the removal of a whole series of contributory circumstances. The first remedy must always be to establish such conditions as will make early marriages possible, especially for young men--for women are, after all, only passive subjects in this matter. ”
— Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf
No; those who want seriously to combat prostitution must first of all assist in removing the spiritual conditions on which it thrives. They will have to clean up the moral pollution of our city 'culture' fearlessly and without regard for the outcry that will follow. If we do not drag our youth out of the morass of their present environment they will be engulfed by it. Those people who do not want to see these things are deliberately encouraging them and are guilty of spreading the effects of prostitution to the future--for the future belongs to our young generation. This process of cleansing our 'Kultur' will have to be applied in practically all spheres. The stage, art, literature, the cinema, the Press and advertisement posters, all must have the stains of pollution removed and be placed in the service of a national and cultural idea. The life of the people must be freed from the asphyxiating perfume of our modern eroticism and also from every unmanly and prudish form of insincerity. In all these things the aim and the method must be determined by thoughtful consideration for the preservation of our national well-being in body and soul. The right to personal freedom comes second in importance to the duty of maintaining the race. ”
— Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf
— Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf
In almost all the various fields of German art and culture those morbid phenomena may be observed. Here everything seems to have passed the culminating point of its excellence and to have entered the curve of a hasty decline. At the beginning of the century the theatres seemed already degenerating and ceasing to be cultural factors, except the Court theatres, which opposed this prostitution of the national art. With these exceptions, and also a few other decent institutions, the plays produced on the stage were of such a nature that the people would have benefited by not visiting them at all. A sad symptom of decline was manifested by the fact that in the case of many 'art centres' the sign was posted on the entrance doors: FOR ADULTS ONLY.
— Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf
That such a mentality [racial purity] may be possible cannot be denied in a world where hundreds and thousands accept the principle of celibacy from their own choice, without being obliged or pledged to do so by anything except an ecclesiastical precept. Why should it not be possible to induce people to make this sacrifice if, instead of such a precept, they were simply told that they ought to put an end to this truly original sin of racial corruption which is steadily being passed on from one generation to another. And, further, they ought to be brought to realize that it is their bounden duty to give to the Almighty Creator beings such as He himself made to His own image. ”
— Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf
Prostitution is a disgrace to humanity and cannot be removed simply by charitable or academic methods. Its restriction and final extermination presupposes the removal of a whole series of contributory circumstances. The first remedy must always be to establish such conditions as will make early marriages possible, especially for young men--for women are, after all, only passive subjects in this matter. ”
— Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf
No; those who want seriously to combat prostitution must first of all assist in removing the spiritual conditions on which it thrives. They will have to clean up the moral pollution of our city 'culture' fearlessly and without regard for the outcry that will follow. If we do not drag our youth out of the morass of their present environment they will be engulfed by it. Those people who do not want to see these things are deliberately encouraging them and are guilty of spreading the effects of prostitution to the future--for the future belongs to our young generation. This process of cleansing our 'Kultur' will have to be applied in practically all spheres. The stage, art, literature, the cinema, the Press and advertisement posters, all must have the stains of pollution removed and be placed in the service of a national and cultural idea. The life of the people must be freed from the asphyxiating perfume of our modern eroticism and also from every unmanly and prudish form of insincerity. In all these things the aim and the method must be determined by thoughtful consideration for the preservation of our national well-being in body and soul. The right to personal freedom comes second in importance to the duty of maintaining the race. ”
— Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf
KATA-KATA MUTIARA ADOLF HITLER
In the years 1913 and 1914 I expressed my opinion for the first time in various circles, some of which are now members of the National Socialist Movement, that the problem of how the future of the German nation can be secured is the problem of how Marxism can be exterminated. ”
— Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf
“ In this way the struggle against the present State was placed on a higher plane than that of petty revenge and small conspiracies. It was elevated to the level of a spiritual struggle on behalf of a WELTANSCHAUUNG, for the destruction of Marxism in all its shapes and forms. ”
— Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf
“
In view of the complete subordination of the present State to Marxism, the National Socialist Movement feels all the more bound not only to prepare the way for the triumph of its idea by appealing to the reason and understanding of the public but also to take upon itself the responsibility of organizing its own defence against the terror of the International, which is intoxicated with its own victory. ”
— Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf
According to Hitler, Marxism is a Jewish strategy to subjugate Germany and the World:
“ For this purpose French armies would first have to invade and overcome the territory of the German REICH until a state of international chaos would set in, and then the country would have to succumb to Bolshevik storm troops in the service of Jewish international finance.
Hence it is that at the present time the Jew is the great agitator for the complete destruction of Germany. Whenever we read of attacks against Germany taking place in any part of the world the Jew is always the instigator. In peace-time, as well as during the War, the Jewish-Marxist stock-exchange Press systematically stirred up hatred against Germany, until one State after another abandoned its neutrality and placed itself at the service of the world coalition, even against the real interests of its own people.
The Jewish way of reasoning thus becomes quite clear. The Bolshevization of Germany, that is to say, the extermination of the patriotic and national German intellectuals, thus making it possible to force German Labour to bear the yoke of international Jewish finance--that is only the overture to the movement for expanding Jewish power on a wider scale and finally subjugating the world to its rule.
”
— Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf
Because of these views, leftist political dissidents were the first victims to be targeted by the Nazi regime, much before Racial discrimination was applied, on the basis of the Reichstag Fire Decree.
“ All other restraints on police action imposed by Reich and Land law [are abolished] so far as this is necessary to achieve the purpose of the decree.In keeping with the purpose and aim of the decree the additional measures will be directed against the Communists in the first instance, but then also against those who co-operate with the Communists and who support or encourage their criminal aims. I would point out that any necessary measures against members or establishments of other than Communist, anarchist or Social Democratic parties can only be justified by the decree if they serve to help the defense against such Communist activities in the widest sense. ”
— Hermann Göring, March 3, 1933 directive to the Prussian police authorities
— Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf
“ In this way the struggle against the present State was placed on a higher plane than that of petty revenge and small conspiracies. It was elevated to the level of a spiritual struggle on behalf of a WELTANSCHAUUNG, for the destruction of Marxism in all its shapes and forms. ”
— Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf
“
In view of the complete subordination of the present State to Marxism, the National Socialist Movement feels all the more bound not only to prepare the way for the triumph of its idea by appealing to the reason and understanding of the public but also to take upon itself the responsibility of organizing its own defence against the terror of the International, which is intoxicated with its own victory. ”
— Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf
According to Hitler, Marxism is a Jewish strategy to subjugate Germany and the World:
“ For this purpose French armies would first have to invade and overcome the territory of the German REICH until a state of international chaos would set in, and then the country would have to succumb to Bolshevik storm troops in the service of Jewish international finance.
Hence it is that at the present time the Jew is the great agitator for the complete destruction of Germany. Whenever we read of attacks against Germany taking place in any part of the world the Jew is always the instigator. In peace-time, as well as during the War, the Jewish-Marxist stock-exchange Press systematically stirred up hatred against Germany, until one State after another abandoned its neutrality and placed itself at the service of the world coalition, even against the real interests of its own people.
The Jewish way of reasoning thus becomes quite clear. The Bolshevization of Germany, that is to say, the extermination of the patriotic and national German intellectuals, thus making it possible to force German Labour to bear the yoke of international Jewish finance--that is only the overture to the movement for expanding Jewish power on a wider scale and finally subjugating the world to its rule.
”
— Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf
Because of these views, leftist political dissidents were the first victims to be targeted by the Nazi regime, much before Racial discrimination was applied, on the basis of the Reichstag Fire Decree.
“ All other restraints on police action imposed by Reich and Land law [are abolished] so far as this is necessary to achieve the purpose of the decree.In keeping with the purpose and aim of the decree the additional measures will be directed against the Communists in the first instance, but then also against those who co-operate with the Communists and who support or encourage their criminal aims. I would point out that any necessary measures against members or establishments of other than Communist, anarchist or Social Democratic parties can only be justified by the decree if they serve to help the defense against such Communist activities in the widest sense. ”
— Hermann Göring, March 3, 1933 directive to the Prussian police authorities
The 25-point Program of the NSDAP
1. We demand the unification of all Germans in the Greater Germany on the basis of the people's right to self-determination.
2. We demand equality of rights for the German people in respect to the other nations; abrogation of the peace treaties of Versailles and St. German 3. We demand land and territory (colonies) for the sustenance of our people, and colonization for our surplus population.
4. Only a member of the race can be a citizen. A member of the race can only be one who is of German blood, without consideration of creed. Consequently no Jew can be a member of the race.
5. Whoever has no citizenship is to be able to live in Germany only as a guest, and must be under the authority of legislation for foreigners.
6. The right to determine matters concerning administration and law belongs only to the citizen. Therefore we demand that every public office, of any sort whatsoever, whether in the Reich, the county or municipality, be filled only by citizens. We combat the corrupting parliamentary economy, office-holding only according to party inclinations without consideration of character or abilities.
7. We demand that the state be charged first with providing the opportunity for a livelihood and way of life for the citizens. If it is impossible to sustain the total population of the State, then the members of foreign nations (non-citizens) are to be expelled from the Reich.
8. Any further immigration of non-citizens is to be prevented. We demand that all non-Germans, who have immigrated to Germany since 2 August 1914, be forced immediately to leave the Reich.
9. All citizens must have equal rights and obligations.
10. The first obligation of every citizen must be to work both spiritually and physically. The activity of individuals is not to counteract the interests of the universality, but must have its result within the framework of the whole for the benefit of all. Consequently we demand:
11. Abolition of unearned (work and labour) incomes. Breaking of debt (interest)-slavery.
12. In consideration of the monstrous sacrifice in property and blood that each war demands of the people, personal enrichment through a war must be designated as a crime against the people. Therefore we demand the total confiscation of all war profits.
13. We demand the nationalisation of all (previous) associated industries (trusts).
14. We demand a division of profits of all heavy industries.
15. We demand an expansion on a large scale of old age welfare.
16. We demand the creation of a healthy middle class and its conservation, immediate communalization of the great warehouses and their being leased at low cost to small firms, the utmost consideration of all small firms in contracts with the State, county or municipality.
17. We demand a land reform suitable to our needs, provision of a law for the free expropriation of land for the purposes of public utility, abolition of taxes on land and prevention of all speculation in land.
18. We demand struggle without consideration against those whose activity is injurious to the general interest. Common national criminals, usurers, profiteers and so forth are to be punished with death, without consideration of confession or race.
19. We demand substitution of a German common law in place of the Roman Law serving a materialistic world-order.
20. The state is to be responsible for a fundamental reconstruction of our whole national education program, to enable every capable and industrious German to obtain higher education and subsequently introduction into leading positions. The plans of instruction of all educational institutions are to conform with the experiences of practical life. The comprehension of the concept of the State must be striven for by the school [Staatsbuergerkunde] as early as the beginning of understanding. We demand the education at the expense of the State of outstanding intellectually gifted children of poor parents without consideration of position or profession.
21. The State is to care for the elevating national health by protecting the mother and child, by outlawing child-labor, by the encouragement of physical fitness, by means of the legal establishment of a gymnastic and sport obligation, by the utmost support of all organizations concerned with the physical instruction of the young.
22. We demand abolition of the mercenary troops and formation of a national army.
23. We demand legal opposition to known lies and their promulgation through the press. In order to enable the provision of a German press, we demand, that: a. All writers and employees of the newspapers appearing in the German language be members of the race: b. Non-German newspapers be required to have the express permission of the State to be published. They may not be printed in the German language: c. Non-Germans are forbidden by law any financial interest in German publications, or any influence on them, and as punishment for violations the closing of such a publication as well as the immediate expulsion from the Reich of the non-German concerned. Publications which are counter to the general good are to be forbidden. We demand legal prosecution of artistic and literary forms which exert a destructive influence on our national life, and the closure of organizations opposing the above made demands.
24. We demand freedom of religion for all religious denominations within the state so long as they do not endanger its existence or oppose the moral senses of the Germanic race. The Party as such advocates the standpoint of a positive Christianity without binding itself confessionally to any one denomination. It combats the Jewish-materialistic spirit within and around us, and is convinced that a lasting recovery of our nation can only succeed from within on the framework: The good of the state before the good of the individual.[12]
25. For the execution of all of this we demand the formation of a strong central power in the Reich. Unlimited authority of the central parliament over the whole Reich and its organizations in general. The forming of state and profession chambers for the execution of the laws made by the Reich within the various states of the confederation. The leaders of the Party promise, if necessary by sacrificing their own lives, to support by the execution of the points set forth above without consideration.
2. We demand equality of rights for the German people in respect to the other nations; abrogation of the peace treaties of Versailles and St. German 3. We demand land and territory (colonies) for the sustenance of our people, and colonization for our surplus population.
4. Only a member of the race can be a citizen. A member of the race can only be one who is of German blood, without consideration of creed. Consequently no Jew can be a member of the race.
5. Whoever has no citizenship is to be able to live in Germany only as a guest, and must be under the authority of legislation for foreigners.
6. The right to determine matters concerning administration and law belongs only to the citizen. Therefore we demand that every public office, of any sort whatsoever, whether in the Reich, the county or municipality, be filled only by citizens. We combat the corrupting parliamentary economy, office-holding only according to party inclinations without consideration of character or abilities.
7. We demand that the state be charged first with providing the opportunity for a livelihood and way of life for the citizens. If it is impossible to sustain the total population of the State, then the members of foreign nations (non-citizens) are to be expelled from the Reich.
8. Any further immigration of non-citizens is to be prevented. We demand that all non-Germans, who have immigrated to Germany since 2 August 1914, be forced immediately to leave the Reich.
9. All citizens must have equal rights and obligations.
10. The first obligation of every citizen must be to work both spiritually and physically. The activity of individuals is not to counteract the interests of the universality, but must have its result within the framework of the whole for the benefit of all. Consequently we demand:
11. Abolition of unearned (work and labour) incomes. Breaking of debt (interest)-slavery.
12. In consideration of the monstrous sacrifice in property and blood that each war demands of the people, personal enrichment through a war must be designated as a crime against the people. Therefore we demand the total confiscation of all war profits.
13. We demand the nationalisation of all (previous) associated industries (trusts).
14. We demand a division of profits of all heavy industries.
15. We demand an expansion on a large scale of old age welfare.
16. We demand the creation of a healthy middle class and its conservation, immediate communalization of the great warehouses and their being leased at low cost to small firms, the utmost consideration of all small firms in contracts with the State, county or municipality.
17. We demand a land reform suitable to our needs, provision of a law for the free expropriation of land for the purposes of public utility, abolition of taxes on land and prevention of all speculation in land.
18. We demand struggle without consideration against those whose activity is injurious to the general interest. Common national criminals, usurers, profiteers and so forth are to be punished with death, without consideration of confession or race.
19. We demand substitution of a German common law in place of the Roman Law serving a materialistic world-order.
20. The state is to be responsible for a fundamental reconstruction of our whole national education program, to enable every capable and industrious German to obtain higher education and subsequently introduction into leading positions. The plans of instruction of all educational institutions are to conform with the experiences of practical life. The comprehension of the concept of the State must be striven for by the school [Staatsbuergerkunde] as early as the beginning of understanding. We demand the education at the expense of the State of outstanding intellectually gifted children of poor parents without consideration of position or profession.
21. The State is to care for the elevating national health by protecting the mother and child, by outlawing child-labor, by the encouragement of physical fitness, by means of the legal establishment of a gymnastic and sport obligation, by the utmost support of all organizations concerned with the physical instruction of the young.
22. We demand abolition of the mercenary troops and formation of a national army.
23. We demand legal opposition to known lies and their promulgation through the press. In order to enable the provision of a German press, we demand, that: a. All writers and employees of the newspapers appearing in the German language be members of the race: b. Non-German newspapers be required to have the express permission of the State to be published. They may not be printed in the German language: c. Non-Germans are forbidden by law any financial interest in German publications, or any influence on them, and as punishment for violations the closing of such a publication as well as the immediate expulsion from the Reich of the non-German concerned. Publications which are counter to the general good are to be forbidden. We demand legal prosecution of artistic and literary forms which exert a destructive influence on our national life, and the closure of organizations opposing the above made demands.
24. We demand freedom of religion for all religious denominations within the state so long as they do not endanger its existence or oppose the moral senses of the Germanic race. The Party as such advocates the standpoint of a positive Christianity without binding itself confessionally to any one denomination. It combats the Jewish-materialistic spirit within and around us, and is convinced that a lasting recovery of our nation can only succeed from within on the framework: The good of the state before the good of the individual.[12]
25. For the execution of all of this we demand the formation of a strong central power in the Reich. Unlimited authority of the central parliament over the whole Reich and its organizations in general. The forming of state and profession chambers for the execution of the laws made by the Reich within the various states of the confederation. The leaders of the Party promise, if necessary by sacrificing their own lives, to support by the execution of the points set forth above without consideration.
Selasa, 05 Oktober 2010
Adolf Hitler, 1889-1945
All propaganda has to be popular and has to adapt its spiritual level to the perception of the least intelligent of those towards whom it intends to direct itself.
Adolf Hitler, the man whom Winston Churchill once described as the "blood-thirsty guttersnipe," was born April 20, 1889, at Braunau in Upper Austria, the son of a minor customs official, originally called Schicklgrüber, was educated at the secondary schools at Linz and Steyr and destined by his father for the civil service. The young Adolf, however, fashioned himself as a great artist and perhaps purposely disgraced himself in his school leaving examinations. After his father's death he attended a private art school in Munich, but failed twice to pass into the Vienna Academy. Advised to try architecture, he was debarred for lack of a school leaving certificate. His fanatical hatred of all intellectuals and his later sneers at "gentlemen with diplomas" no doubt originated at this early period of his life.
He lived as a tramp in Vienna (1904-1913), making a living by selling bad postcard sketches, beating carpets and doing odd jobs with his companions whom he, lice-ridden and draped in a long black overcoat given to him by a Jewish tailor, thoroughly despised. He worked only fitfully and spent the majority of his time in heated political arguments directed at money-lending Jews and the trade unions. The Nazi philosophy candidly expressed in Mein Kampf, with its brutality, opportunism, contempt for the masses, distrust of even his closest friends, fanatical strength of will and advocacy of the "big lie," was all born in the gutters of Vienna.
He escaped military service, and in 1913 emigrated to Munich, where he found employment as a draftsman. In 1914 he volunteered for war service in a Bavarian regiment, rose to the rank of corporal and was recommended for the award of the Iron Cross for service as a runner on the Western Front. When Germany surrendered in 1918, Hitler was lying wounded and temporarily blinded by gas.
In 1919 and while acting as an informer for the army and spying on the activities of small political parties, Hitler became the seventh member of one group, the name of which he himself changed from the German Workers' Party to the National Socialist German Workers' Party (N.S.D.A.P.) in 1920. Its program was a convenient mixture of mild radicalism, bitter hatred of the politicians who had shamed Germany by signing the Versailles Treaty, and exploitation of provincial grievances against the weak federal government. By 1923 Hitler was strong enough to attempt with General Ludendorff's and other extreme right wing factions the overthrow of the Bavarian government. On November 9, the Nazis marches through the streets of Munich. The police machine-gunned the Nazi column. Hitler narrowly escaped serious injury, Göring was badly wounded and sixteen stormtroopers were killed. After nine months' imprisonment in a Landsberg jail, during which time he dictated his autobiography and political testament, Mein Kampf (1925) to Rudolf Hess, he began to woo Krupp and other Ruhr industrialists. Although unsuccessful in the presidential elections of 1932, Hitler was made Chancellor in January 1933. Krupp and others believed that they could control Hitler's aspirations inside the government. Hitler, however, quickly dispensed with all constitutional restraints placed upon the Chancellor.
He silenced all opposition, and engineering successfully the burning of the Reichstag building February 1933, advertising it as a Communist plot, called for a general election, in which the police, under Göring, allowed the Nazis full play to break up the meetings of their political opponents. Only under these conditions did the Nazi Party achieve a bare majority, Hitler arrogating to himself absolute power through the Enabling Acts. Opposition within the Party he ruthlessly crushed by the purge of June 1934 in which his rival Röhm and hundreds of influential Nazis were murdered at the hands of Hitler's, the S.S., under Himmler and Heydrich.
Hindenburg's death in August, 1934 left Hitler sole master in Germany. Under the pretext of undoing the wrongs of the Versailles Treaty and uniting all Germans and extending their living space (Lebensraum), Hitler openly rearmed the nation (1935), sent troops to occupy the Rhineland, established the Rome-Berlin "axis" with Mussolini (October 1936), created a "Greater Germany" by annexing Austria (1938), and by systematic infiltration and engineered incidents engendered a more than favorable situation for an easy absorption of the Sudetenland, to which France and Britain responded with their policy of appeasement at Munich in 1938. Renouncing further territorial claims, Hitler seized Bohemia and Moravia, took Memel from Lithuania and demanded from Poland the return of Danzig and free access to east Prussia through the "Corridor." Poland's refusal, backed by both Britain and France, precipitated the outbreak of World War II, on September 3, 1939.
Hitler's domestic policy was one of thorough "nazification" of all aspects of German life, enforced by the Secret State Police (or Gestapo), and the establishment of concentration camps for political opponents and Jews, who were systematically persecuted. Strategic roads (Autobahnen) were built, Schacht's economic policy expanded German exports up to 1936, and then Göring's "Guns before Butter" four-year plan boosted armament production and the construction of the Siegfried Line.
Hitler entered the war with the grave misgivings of the German High Command, but as his intuitions scored massive triumphs in the first two years of battle, he began to ignore the advice of his military experts. Peace with Russia having been secured by the Nazi-Soviet Pact (August 23, 1939), Poland was invaded, and after three week's Blitzkrieg was divided between Russia and Germany. In 1940, Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium and France were occupied and the British expelled at Dunkirk. But Göring's invincible Luftwaffe was routed in the Battle of Britain (August-September 1940) and Hitler turned eastwards, entered Rumania (October 1940), invaded Yugoslavia and Greece (April 1941), and ignoring his pact with Stalin, attacked Russia and, as an ally of Japan, found himself at war with the United States (December 1941). The Wehrmacht penetrated to the gates of Moscow and Leningrad, to the Volga, into the Caucasus and, with Italy as an ally since 1940, to North Africa as far as Alexandria.
But there the tide turned and Hitler's strategy faltered. Montgomery's victory over Rommel at El Alamein (October 1942) and Paulus's grave defeat, through Hitler's misdirection, at Stalingrad (November 1942), meant the Nazi withdrawal from North Africa pursued by the British and Americans (November 1942-May 1943). The Allied invasion of Sicily, Italian capitulation (September 1943) and Russian victories (1943-44) followed. The Anglo-American invasion of Normandy and the breaching of Rommel's "Atlantic Wall" (June 1944) were not countered by Hitler's V1 and V2 attacks on Britain.
Hitler miraculously survived the explosion of the bomb placed at his feet by Colonel Stauffenberg (July 19, 1944), and purged the army of all suspects, including Rommel, who committed suicide. A counter-offensive launched against the Allies in the Ardennes failed (December 1944) and the invasion of Germany followed. Hitler lived out his fantasies, commanding non-existent armies from his Bunker, the air-raid shelter under the chancellory building in Berlin. With the Russians only several hundred yards away, he went through a grotesque marriage ceremony with Eva Braun, in the presence of Göebbel's family, who then poisoned themselves. All available evidence suggests that Hitler and Eva Braun committed suicide and had their bodies cremated on April 30, 1945.
Hitler's much celebrated "Third Reich," which was to have endured for eternity, ended after twelve years of unparalleled barbarity, in which 30 million people lost their lives. Twelve million of theses souls lost their lives far from the battlefield, by mass shootings, forced labor camps, and in gas ovens at Belsen, Dachau, Auschwitz and Ravensbrück in accordance with Nazi racial theories and the "New Order." To these atrocities we could add the indiscriminate torture and murder of prisoners of war, or the uprooting and destruction of entire villages in Poland, France and Russia. Such horror prompted the international trial at Nuremberg (1945-46), at which twenty-one leading Nazis were tried and eleven executed for carrying out the orders of der Führer.
Adolf Hitler, the man whom Winston Churchill once described as the "blood-thirsty guttersnipe," was born April 20, 1889, at Braunau in Upper Austria, the son of a minor customs official, originally called Schicklgrüber, was educated at the secondary schools at Linz and Steyr and destined by his father for the civil service. The young Adolf, however, fashioned himself as a great artist and perhaps purposely disgraced himself in his school leaving examinations. After his father's death he attended a private art school in Munich, but failed twice to pass into the Vienna Academy. Advised to try architecture, he was debarred for lack of a school leaving certificate. His fanatical hatred of all intellectuals and his later sneers at "gentlemen with diplomas" no doubt originated at this early period of his life.
He lived as a tramp in Vienna (1904-1913), making a living by selling bad postcard sketches, beating carpets and doing odd jobs with his companions whom he, lice-ridden and draped in a long black overcoat given to him by a Jewish tailor, thoroughly despised. He worked only fitfully and spent the majority of his time in heated political arguments directed at money-lending Jews and the trade unions. The Nazi philosophy candidly expressed in Mein Kampf, with its brutality, opportunism, contempt for the masses, distrust of even his closest friends, fanatical strength of will and advocacy of the "big lie," was all born in the gutters of Vienna.
He escaped military service, and in 1913 emigrated to Munich, where he found employment as a draftsman. In 1914 he volunteered for war service in a Bavarian regiment, rose to the rank of corporal and was recommended for the award of the Iron Cross for service as a runner on the Western Front. When Germany surrendered in 1918, Hitler was lying wounded and temporarily blinded by gas.
In 1919 and while acting as an informer for the army and spying on the activities of small political parties, Hitler became the seventh member of one group, the name of which he himself changed from the German Workers' Party to the National Socialist German Workers' Party (N.S.D.A.P.) in 1920. Its program was a convenient mixture of mild radicalism, bitter hatred of the politicians who had shamed Germany by signing the Versailles Treaty, and exploitation of provincial grievances against the weak federal government. By 1923 Hitler was strong enough to attempt with General Ludendorff's and other extreme right wing factions the overthrow of the Bavarian government. On November 9, the Nazis marches through the streets of Munich. The police machine-gunned the Nazi column. Hitler narrowly escaped serious injury, Göring was badly wounded and sixteen stormtroopers were killed. After nine months' imprisonment in a Landsberg jail, during which time he dictated his autobiography and political testament, Mein Kampf (1925) to Rudolf Hess, he began to woo Krupp and other Ruhr industrialists. Although unsuccessful in the presidential elections of 1932, Hitler was made Chancellor in January 1933. Krupp and others believed that they could control Hitler's aspirations inside the government. Hitler, however, quickly dispensed with all constitutional restraints placed upon the Chancellor.
He silenced all opposition, and engineering successfully the burning of the Reichstag building February 1933, advertising it as a Communist plot, called for a general election, in which the police, under Göring, allowed the Nazis full play to break up the meetings of their political opponents. Only under these conditions did the Nazi Party achieve a bare majority, Hitler arrogating to himself absolute power through the Enabling Acts. Opposition within the Party he ruthlessly crushed by the purge of June 1934 in which his rival Röhm and hundreds of influential Nazis were murdered at the hands of Hitler's, the S.S., under Himmler and Heydrich.
Hindenburg's death in August, 1934 left Hitler sole master in Germany. Under the pretext of undoing the wrongs of the Versailles Treaty and uniting all Germans and extending their living space (Lebensraum), Hitler openly rearmed the nation (1935), sent troops to occupy the Rhineland, established the Rome-Berlin "axis" with Mussolini (October 1936), created a "Greater Germany" by annexing Austria (1938), and by systematic infiltration and engineered incidents engendered a more than favorable situation for an easy absorption of the Sudetenland, to which France and Britain responded with their policy of appeasement at Munich in 1938. Renouncing further territorial claims, Hitler seized Bohemia and Moravia, took Memel from Lithuania and demanded from Poland the return of Danzig and free access to east Prussia through the "Corridor." Poland's refusal, backed by both Britain and France, precipitated the outbreak of World War II, on September 3, 1939.
Hitler's domestic policy was one of thorough "nazification" of all aspects of German life, enforced by the Secret State Police (or Gestapo), and the establishment of concentration camps for political opponents and Jews, who were systematically persecuted. Strategic roads (Autobahnen) were built, Schacht's economic policy expanded German exports up to 1936, and then Göring's "Guns before Butter" four-year plan boosted armament production and the construction of the Siegfried Line.
Hitler entered the war with the grave misgivings of the German High Command, but as his intuitions scored massive triumphs in the first two years of battle, he began to ignore the advice of his military experts. Peace with Russia having been secured by the Nazi-Soviet Pact (August 23, 1939), Poland was invaded, and after three week's Blitzkrieg was divided between Russia and Germany. In 1940, Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium and France were occupied and the British expelled at Dunkirk. But Göring's invincible Luftwaffe was routed in the Battle of Britain (August-September 1940) and Hitler turned eastwards, entered Rumania (October 1940), invaded Yugoslavia and Greece (April 1941), and ignoring his pact with Stalin, attacked Russia and, as an ally of Japan, found himself at war with the United States (December 1941). The Wehrmacht penetrated to the gates of Moscow and Leningrad, to the Volga, into the Caucasus and, with Italy as an ally since 1940, to North Africa as far as Alexandria.
But there the tide turned and Hitler's strategy faltered. Montgomery's victory over Rommel at El Alamein (October 1942) and Paulus's grave defeat, through Hitler's misdirection, at Stalingrad (November 1942), meant the Nazi withdrawal from North Africa pursued by the British and Americans (November 1942-May 1943). The Allied invasion of Sicily, Italian capitulation (September 1943) and Russian victories (1943-44) followed. The Anglo-American invasion of Normandy and the breaching of Rommel's "Atlantic Wall" (June 1944) were not countered by Hitler's V1 and V2 attacks on Britain.
Hitler miraculously survived the explosion of the bomb placed at his feet by Colonel Stauffenberg (July 19, 1944), and purged the army of all suspects, including Rommel, who committed suicide. A counter-offensive launched against the Allies in the Ardennes failed (December 1944) and the invasion of Germany followed. Hitler lived out his fantasies, commanding non-existent armies from his Bunker, the air-raid shelter under the chancellory building in Berlin. With the Russians only several hundred yards away, he went through a grotesque marriage ceremony with Eva Braun, in the presence of Göebbel's family, who then poisoned themselves. All available evidence suggests that Hitler and Eva Braun committed suicide and had their bodies cremated on April 30, 1945.
Hitler's much celebrated "Third Reich," which was to have endured for eternity, ended after twelve years of unparalleled barbarity, in which 30 million people lost their lives. Twelve million of theses souls lost their lives far from the battlefield, by mass shootings, forced labor camps, and in gas ovens at Belsen, Dachau, Auschwitz and Ravensbrück in accordance with Nazi racial theories and the "New Order." To these atrocities we could add the indiscriminate torture and murder of prisoners of war, or the uprooting and destruction of entire villages in Poland, France and Russia. Such horror prompted the international trial at Nuremberg (1945-46), at which twenty-one leading Nazis were tried and eleven executed for carrying out the orders of der Führer.
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